Why is history important to you?
This will be a treat for most of you who already know me, this I will say about History. We learned that History is stories brought up by men in some form or another. We also know there is a ‘BIAS’ when it comes to making these stories plausible (If the government (OUR Loving US Government) makes up the funding to provide the necessary composition for readers, followers, worship, they will most likely make themselves look better than we really are).
Although, in history we tend to make mistakes as we go along time lines after time lines of suffering, events, essential progression, we also see ourselves repeating time again in a big circle (JUST more advance as we progress as humans). We are simply human, dominant creatures who thrive for power and glory. Always will there be wars, conflicts, but we have noone to blame really, but ourselves. Wars haven’t not fled our cultures or our hearts, just simply made more productive, and more dangerous as we grow in numbers. It’s in our blood, this thirst for progression. Because that’s who we are, we are survivors, we are who we are.
When you think about history think about how we began to develop skills, knowledge, learn from one another from past mistakes. We have kept record of our human race for as long as time started. We have used this knowledge, and passed it on through our generations, our ancestries. We have used time lines, events, catastrophes, chaos, destruction, pointless wars as reference to our next move. From these eras, we developed great minds, and thinkers, philosophers, teachers, to help us understand our progression, and who we are. Our parent shave taught us how to behave, who to like, who to hate, who to martyr?
There is little truth to what we are in history, for we are not perfect. Science is the number one reason why we are still progressing, learning, but our rules, our laws keep us in check from actually progressing as the humans as we should be. Understanding the operations of people, and societies is difficult, though a number of disciplines make the attempt. We grow, to make progress in our lives. But, there is a select few that can care less about life, and care more about power, and control.
Through time, through our presence of daily living, we are not what we are supposed to be (Human-beings, freedom is the right of all sentient beings), but the very same violent creatures as we choose to be in war after war, after pointless war. We are just repeating history all over again. Our superior race (Human-beings), are suppose to be the responsible ones, we do not take responsibility for what we kill. We are creatures of highest responsibility to protect ourselves, our life on Earth (GAIA), and our planet. We caused this, we built this history, we created this mess, we progressed in this opportunity to do what? Just throw away our lives, for what? The possible future of peace of mind, and prosperity to happen through whose a greater power? This is why we fail as creatures that have the opportunity to progress as a Human CIVIL race. Our failures we just made even bigger. We saw what happened in wars prior to our own, and we saw an opportunity to make it bigger, and worse. If you ask me, these wars ARE a ridiculous excuse to becoming better people, progressing to become better superior creatures than those who don’t know any better.
If we as PEOPLE, have the chance to stand up and fight for what we believe in (LIFE), but so scared, so afraid that the government will find a way to make us the ones who believe in life turn out bad, then what are we? We all know the government (US Law officials, enforcement, snub nosed money greeders) will find anything, use everything to stop the people from talking. We lost our VOICE as people, we lost our freedom of speech, because Law found a loop hole, they found a backdoor to keep us afraid, keep us PEOPLE controlled. I feel strongly about our history, our race, I DO NOT like the way our government has control over us (US government Officials). They have us in a leash, they slowly, but surely broke us of our nature to stand up and VOICE our rights. Thinking about how our rights just slowly got taken away, silently, but deadly, makes me angry.
Many of you may hate me, but you will never break me of my freedom of will. If the government ever changes our laws into complete submission, I will not break, they may throw me in Jail, in prison, even execute me for being an enemy of the US (I have seen some cruel and unusual punishments in Terrorists cases, but never should be done no matter the creed, or color, or bias, and cover-ups (We know it exists, just don’t dwell on it)). "I don’t care if you are the President of the United States, you tell me to kneel before you and kiss your feet, and I will snap you like a twig, NOONE breaks my ‘WILL’, I will fight to the very end of my own life, I will not break for no man, I WILL NOT kneel before any authority figure, I WILL not be a part of any wars". I will stand as a MAN (Human Man) against the world if I have to. My inner being, is FULL of LIFE, and eager for more. It is unbelievably strong, and I am aware everyday. There is so much more about Life I yearn to explore, there is so much more about us as PEOPLE I am curious about? The many possibilities are endless. Science is endless. Our potential is endless. If time, history is endless, then so am I. There is more answers, yet to be discovered.
But we cannot for we are already destroying ourselves slowly, and then more rapidly than normal.
Art is important, it portrays the daily lives of the people in that culture. It shows what the people think is important, beautiful, and valid. Art expresses the emotions of that artists. Life without Art would be pretty dull.
A family medical history is a record of health information about a person of his/her close relatives. A complete record includes information from three generations of relatives. Families have many factors in common, includes their genes, environment, and lifestyle. These factors give clues to medical conditions that may run in a family. Noticeable patterns of disorders among relatives, healthcare professionals can determine whether an individual, other family members, or future generations may be at an increased risk of developing similar diagnosis.
You asked me why this history is important, it is because I yearn for life, not death. I still believe in our human race. For I am human as you.
We are all connected in some way or another. We are the puzzle pieces that need to bring together LIFE.
Tuesday, June 8, 2010
Thursday, June 3, 2010
Ethical Code Research
5th century BC; “Ancient Creek Medicine": [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1314187/Corpus-Hippocraticum]
Medical schools were established at Kos, and Cnidus. The "Corpus Hippocratic" is an anthology that students and practitioners studied. The physician known as Hippocrates, accredited as the father of modern medicine, writer of the 'Hippocratic Oath'. Had one goal, is to heal, not harm. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1314187/Corpus-Hippocraticum]
In 6th century BC; "Corpus Hippcraticum": [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1314187/Corpus-Hippocraticum]
The' Greek' Medicinal Practices focused largely on supernatural phenomena's, it had a more clinical approach. Like science we know of treatments, cures, and other alternatives through observation and experience. The early works of Homer, Aristotle, Hippocrates Alcaemon (Hippocrates Asclepiades), "descendant of (the doctor-god) Asclepios", and others all show an advanced knowledge of physiology, surgical and medicinal practices. The people at this time view their heir of human physiology predominated the ideas of 'Essentialism'. {Essentialism, (Author: Brian Cliff, Spring 1996)}{(Culture and Imperialism [1994] 16).} [http://english.emory.edu/Bahri/Essentialism.html], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism]
Essentialism was the belief that every living organism alive (This theory was applied to humans first and then to an eventual evolutionary paradigm), contained certain mixtures of the four elements; Earth, Air, Fire, and Water (Some Chinese cultures practiced this through physiological in expression, nowadays believe in this through Tai Chi, Wing Chuan, Taoism) The humours consisted of Black Bile, Phlegm, Yellow Bile, and Blood. {Rational choice v. evolutionary paradigm}, [http://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/EVOPARA.htm]
The Law of Hippocrates States: [http://www.bartleby.com/38/1/2.html]
“MEDICINE is of all the arts the most noble; but, owing to the ignorance of those who practice it, and of those who, inconsiderately, form a judgment of them, it is at present far behind all the other arts. Their mistake appears to me to arise principally from this, that in the cities there is no punishment connected with the practice of medicine (and with it alone) except disgrace, and that does not hurt those who are familiar with it. Such persons are like the figures which are introduced in tragedies, for as they have the shape, and dress, and personal appearance of an actor, but are not actors, so also physicians are many in title but very few in reality.
2. Whoever is to acquire a competent knowledge of medicine, ought to be possessed of the following advantages: a natural disposition; instruction; a favorable position for the study; early tuition; love of labor; leisure. First of all, a natural talent is required; for, when Nature leads the way to what is most excellent, instruction in the art takes place, which the student must try to appropriate to himself by reflection, becoming an early pupil in a place well adapted for instruction. He must also bring to the task a love of labor and perseverance, so that the instruction taking root may bring forth proper and abundant fruits.
3. Instruction in medicine is like the culture of the productions of the earth. For our natural disposition, is, as it were, the soil; the tenets of our teacher are, as it were, the seed; instruction in youth is like the planting of the seed in the ground at the proper season; the place where the instruction is communicated is like the food imparted to vegetables by the atmosphere; diligent study is like the cultivation of the fields; and it is time which imparts strength to all things and brings them to maturity.
4. Having brought all these requisites to the study of medicine, and having acquired a true knowledge of it, we shall thus, in travelling through the cities, be esteemed physicians not only in name but in reality. But inexperience is a bad treasure, and a bad fund to those who possess it, whether in opinion or reality, being devoid of self-reliance and contentedness, and the nurse both of timidity and audacity. For timidity betrays a want of powers, and audacity a lack of skill. They are, indeed, two things, knowledge and opinion, of which the one makes its possessor really to know, the other to be ignorant.
5. Those things which are sacred are to be imparted only to sacred persons; and it is not lawful to impart them to the profane until they have been initiated in the mysteries of the science.” [Harvard Classics, Vol. 38, Part 1, the Oath and Law of Hippocrates]
The Art of Peace; Morihei Ueshiba; Aikido, Martial Arts: [(As quoted in Traditional Aikido (1974), by Morihiro Saito, p. 38)]
I remember when I went to my first Aikido Lesson (Martial Arts, Steven Seagal, Example he himself put this in his first movie, 'Above the Law') I heard the quote from my master (Morihei Ueshiba, http://www.fightingmaster.com/masters/ueshiba/quotes.htm), "To 'hurt', 'kill' someone is easy, but to 'Heal' is not. Think beyond thought, for what is in your way. It is not our opponent; it is not the obstacles you see before you, but your train of thought. If you are wreck less, therefore you are dangerous? If you are careful, then you can control yourself. Amongst you all, is a superhuman, one that will heal what he 'HAD' destroyed. The ones that are demonic, 'ENJOYS' destruction, creates devastation. These people have no regard for human life". [The Art of Peace; Morihei Ueshiba; {Vitug, Bernard 2010, Quotes Heard Cited at 25 years old as a student}]
Original Quote; the Art of Peace; Morihei Ueshiba; Aikido, Martial Arts:
"The divine is not something high above us. It is in heaven, it is in earth, it is inside us"
"As soon as you concern yourself with the "good" and "bad" of your fellows, you create an opening in your heart for maliciousness to enter. Testing, competing with, and criticizing others weaken and defeat you."
"Heaven is right where you are standing, and that is the place to train." [http://www.pinner-aikido.com/en/aikido/articles/morihei-ueshiba-quotes-94]
320 BCE; Aristotle
Herophilus, one the first, performed the first public dissection, and Erasistratus, who worked on the physiology of the brain, nerves, arteries, and veins. Aristotle performed his comparative 'Anatomical' studies of both; animals and humans.
[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/aegean/culture/greekmedicine.html]
“If I fulfill this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot.” [www.pbs.org]
THE OATH OF HIPPOCRATES; (The Hippocratic Oath as it was 470 to 460 BC) [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_oath.html]
“I SWEAR by Apollo the physician and Æsculapius, and Health, and All-heal, and all the gods and goddesses, that, according to my ability and judgment,” [http://www.cirp.org/library/ethics/hippocrates/]
The 'BEST' known ethical standard is the prohibitions, "to do no harm": Cite as: Oath of Hippocrates. [In: Harvard Classics, Volume 38. Boston: P.F. Collier and Son, 1910.]
The Hippocratic Oath Bounds us by many laws within the meaning. We must again, always take in mind the barrier we have promised to uphold. Limit ourselves from being the ultimate judge to decide ones fate of Life or Death. We are bound to treat 'all' patients and those in need of care. We are 'healers' of this world, we are the ones above all others; humanity within our souls gives us the power to heal. We set the role, the function of why people are still alive, and why we must pursue a better image of humanity than those who take them. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_oath.html]
The Hippocratic Oath; (Modern Version): [http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20909]
These Two Phrases proves the Ethical Value of our Way into Medicine, and scientific exploration for improvement:
“I SWEAR in the presence of the Almighty and before my family, my teachers and my peers that according to my ability and judgment I will keep this Oath and Stipulation”. {Upon graduation, many medical students take a modern version of the oath written by Louis Lasagna in 1964}
“I WILL FOLLOW that method of treatment which according to my ability and judgment, I consider for the benefit of my patient and abstain from whatever is harmful or mischievous. I will neither prescribe nor administer a lethal dose of medicine to any patient even if asked nor counsel any such thing nor perform the utmost respect for every human life from fertilization to natural death and reject abortion that deliberately takes a unique human life”. (Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many medical schools today) [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_modern.html]
Reference Page:
5th century BC; “Ancient Creek Medicine"
{Corpus Hippocraticum. (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 03, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online}
[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1314187/Corpus-Hippocraticum]
In 6th century BC; "Corpus Hippcraticum"
The Law of Hippocrates States; Ethics in Medicine “Do no Harm”.
[http://www.bartleby.com/38/1/2.html]
{Essentialism, (Author: Brian Cliff, Spring 1996)}{(Culture and Imperialism [1994] 16).}
[http://english.emory.edu/Bahri/Essentialism.html], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism]
{Evolution, EVOLUTIONARY PARADIGM FOR GLOBAL POLITICS)(INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY)(Vol. 40(3), September 1996, pp.321-342)(George Modelski, Department of Political Science, University of Washington))}
[http://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/EVOPARA.htm]
The Art of Peace; Morihei Ueshiba; Aikido, Martial Arts
(As quoted in Traditional Aikido (1974) by Morihiro Saito, p. 38)
{Vitug, Bernard 2010, Quotes Heard Cited at 25 years old as a student}
Original Quote Cited at; [http://www.pinner-aikido.com/en/aikido/articles/morihei-ueshiba-quotes-94]
{Instructors can impart only a fraction of the teaching. It is through your own devoted practice that the mysteries of the Art of Peace are brought to life.}
[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba]
OATH OF HIPPOCRATES, Cerca 400 B.C.;
(Cite as: Oath of Hippocrates. In: Harvard Classics, Volume 38. Boston: P.F. Collier and Son, 1910.)
[http://www.cirp.org/library/ethics/hippocrates/]
The Hippocratic Oath: Modern Version;
(Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many medical schools today). {Upon graduation, many medical students take a modern version of the oath written by Louis Lasagna in 1964}.
[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_modern.html]
Medical schools were established at Kos, and Cnidus. The "Corpus Hippocratic" is an anthology that students and practitioners studied. The physician known as Hippocrates, accredited as the father of modern medicine, writer of the 'Hippocratic Oath'. Had one goal, is to heal, not harm. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1314187/Corpus-Hippocraticum]
In 6th century BC; "Corpus Hippcraticum": [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1314187/Corpus-Hippocraticum]
The' Greek' Medicinal Practices focused largely on supernatural phenomena's, it had a more clinical approach. Like science we know of treatments, cures, and other alternatives through observation and experience. The early works of Homer, Aristotle, Hippocrates Alcaemon (Hippocrates Asclepiades), "descendant of (the doctor-god) Asclepios", and others all show an advanced knowledge of physiology, surgical and medicinal practices. The people at this time view their heir of human physiology predominated the ideas of 'Essentialism'. {Essentialism, (Author: Brian Cliff, Spring 1996)}{(Culture and Imperialism [1994] 16).} [http://english.emory.edu/Bahri/Essentialism.html], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism]
Essentialism was the belief that every living organism alive (This theory was applied to humans first and then to an eventual evolutionary paradigm), contained certain mixtures of the four elements; Earth, Air, Fire, and Water (Some Chinese cultures practiced this through physiological in expression, nowadays believe in this through Tai Chi, Wing Chuan, Taoism) The humours consisted of Black Bile, Phlegm, Yellow Bile, and Blood. {Rational choice v. evolutionary paradigm}, [http://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/EVOPARA.htm]
The Law of Hippocrates States: [http://www.bartleby.com/38/1/2.html]
“MEDICINE is of all the arts the most noble; but, owing to the ignorance of those who practice it, and of those who, inconsiderately, form a judgment of them, it is at present far behind all the other arts. Their mistake appears to me to arise principally from this, that in the cities there is no punishment connected with the practice of medicine (and with it alone) except disgrace, and that does not hurt those who are familiar with it. Such persons are like the figures which are introduced in tragedies, for as they have the shape, and dress, and personal appearance of an actor, but are not actors, so also physicians are many in title but very few in reality.
2. Whoever is to acquire a competent knowledge of medicine, ought to be possessed of the following advantages: a natural disposition; instruction; a favorable position for the study; early tuition; love of labor; leisure. First of all, a natural talent is required; for, when Nature leads the way to what is most excellent, instruction in the art takes place, which the student must try to appropriate to himself by reflection, becoming an early pupil in a place well adapted for instruction. He must also bring to the task a love of labor and perseverance, so that the instruction taking root may bring forth proper and abundant fruits.
3. Instruction in medicine is like the culture of the productions of the earth. For our natural disposition, is, as it were, the soil; the tenets of our teacher are, as it were, the seed; instruction in youth is like the planting of the seed in the ground at the proper season; the place where the instruction is communicated is like the food imparted to vegetables by the atmosphere; diligent study is like the cultivation of the fields; and it is time which imparts strength to all things and brings them to maturity.
4. Having brought all these requisites to the study of medicine, and having acquired a true knowledge of it, we shall thus, in travelling through the cities, be esteemed physicians not only in name but in reality. But inexperience is a bad treasure, and a bad fund to those who possess it, whether in opinion or reality, being devoid of self-reliance and contentedness, and the nurse both of timidity and audacity. For timidity betrays a want of powers, and audacity a lack of skill. They are, indeed, two things, knowledge and opinion, of which the one makes its possessor really to know, the other to be ignorant.
5. Those things which are sacred are to be imparted only to sacred persons; and it is not lawful to impart them to the profane until they have been initiated in the mysteries of the science.” [Harvard Classics, Vol. 38, Part 1, the Oath and Law of Hippocrates]
The Art of Peace; Morihei Ueshiba; Aikido, Martial Arts: [(As quoted in Traditional Aikido (1974), by Morihiro Saito, p. 38)]
I remember when I went to my first Aikido Lesson (Martial Arts, Steven Seagal, Example he himself put this in his first movie, 'Above the Law') I heard the quote from my master (Morihei Ueshiba, http://www.fightingmaster.com/masters/ueshiba/quotes.htm), "To 'hurt', 'kill' someone is easy, but to 'Heal' is not. Think beyond thought, for what is in your way. It is not our opponent; it is not the obstacles you see before you, but your train of thought. If you are wreck less, therefore you are dangerous? If you are careful, then you can control yourself. Amongst you all, is a superhuman, one that will heal what he 'HAD' destroyed. The ones that are demonic, 'ENJOYS' destruction, creates devastation. These people have no regard for human life". [The Art of Peace; Morihei Ueshiba; {Vitug, Bernard 2010, Quotes Heard Cited at 25 years old as a student}]
Original Quote; the Art of Peace; Morihei Ueshiba; Aikido, Martial Arts:
"The divine is not something high above us. It is in heaven, it is in earth, it is inside us"
"As soon as you concern yourself with the "good" and "bad" of your fellows, you create an opening in your heart for maliciousness to enter. Testing, competing with, and criticizing others weaken and defeat you."
"Heaven is right where you are standing, and that is the place to train." [http://www.pinner-aikido.com/en/aikido/articles/morihei-ueshiba-quotes-94]
320 BCE; Aristotle
Herophilus, one the first, performed the first public dissection, and Erasistratus, who worked on the physiology of the brain, nerves, arteries, and veins. Aristotle performed his comparative 'Anatomical' studies of both; animals and humans.
[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/aegean/culture/greekmedicine.html]
“If I fulfill this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot.” [www.pbs.org]
THE OATH OF HIPPOCRATES; (The Hippocratic Oath as it was 470 to 460 BC) [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_oath.html]
“I SWEAR by Apollo the physician and Æsculapius, and Health, and All-heal, and all the gods and goddesses, that, according to my ability and judgment,” [http://www.cirp.org/library/ethics/hippocrates/]
The 'BEST' known ethical standard is the prohibitions, "to do no harm": Cite as: Oath of Hippocrates. [In: Harvard Classics, Volume 38. Boston: P.F. Collier and Son, 1910.]
The Hippocratic Oath Bounds us by many laws within the meaning. We must again, always take in mind the barrier we have promised to uphold. Limit ourselves from being the ultimate judge to decide ones fate of Life or Death. We are bound to treat 'all' patients and those in need of care. We are 'healers' of this world, we are the ones above all others; humanity within our souls gives us the power to heal. We set the role, the function of why people are still alive, and why we must pursue a better image of humanity than those who take them. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_oath.html]
The Hippocratic Oath; (Modern Version): [http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20909]
These Two Phrases proves the Ethical Value of our Way into Medicine, and scientific exploration for improvement:
“I SWEAR in the presence of the Almighty and before my family, my teachers and my peers that according to my ability and judgment I will keep this Oath and Stipulation”. {Upon graduation, many medical students take a modern version of the oath written by Louis Lasagna in 1964}
“I WILL FOLLOW that method of treatment which according to my ability and judgment, I consider for the benefit of my patient and abstain from whatever is harmful or mischievous. I will neither prescribe nor administer a lethal dose of medicine to any patient even if asked nor counsel any such thing nor perform the utmost respect for every human life from fertilization to natural death and reject abortion that deliberately takes a unique human life”. (Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many medical schools today) [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_modern.html]
Reference Page:
5th century BC; “Ancient Creek Medicine"
{Corpus Hippocraticum. (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 03, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online}
[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1314187/Corpus-Hippocraticum]
In 6th century BC; "Corpus Hippcraticum"
The Law of Hippocrates States; Ethics in Medicine “Do no Harm”.
[http://www.bartleby.com/38/1/2.html]
{Essentialism, (Author: Brian Cliff, Spring 1996)}{(Culture and Imperialism [1994] 16).}
[http://english.emory.edu/Bahri/Essentialism.html], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentialism]
{Evolution, EVOLUTIONARY PARADIGM FOR GLOBAL POLITICS)(INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY)(Vol. 40(3), September 1996, pp.321-342)(George Modelski, Department of Political Science, University of Washington))}
[http://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/EVOPARA.htm]
The Art of Peace; Morihei Ueshiba; Aikido, Martial Arts
(As quoted in Traditional Aikido (1974) by Morihiro Saito, p. 38)
{Vitug, Bernard 2010, Quotes Heard Cited at 25 years old as a student}
Original Quote Cited at; [http://www.pinner-aikido.com/en/aikido/articles/morihei-ueshiba-quotes-94]
{Instructors can impart only a fraction of the teaching. It is through your own devoted practice that the mysteries of the Art of Peace are brought to life.}
[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba]
OATH OF HIPPOCRATES, Cerca 400 B.C.;
(Cite as: Oath of Hippocrates. In: Harvard Classics, Volume 38. Boston: P.F. Collier and Son, 1910.)
[http://www.cirp.org/library/ethics/hippocrates/]
The Hippocratic Oath: Modern Version;
(Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many medical schools today). {Upon graduation, many medical students take a modern version of the oath written by Louis Lasagna in 1964}.
[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/doctors/oath_modern.html]
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